Journal of Oral Health and Community Dentistry

Register      Login

VOLUME 14 , ISSUE 1 ( January-April, 2020 ) > List of Articles

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Impact of Maternal Education on the Duration of Breastfeeding and its Association with Various Oral Parameters

Sagar Dahiya, Rajat Mitra, Sanjay M Londhe, Karan Nehra, Tarannum Ghavri, Balakrishna Jayan

Keywords : Breastfeeding, Crossbite, Index of treatment need, Mallampati scoring, Maternal education

Citation Information : Dahiya S, Mitra R, Londhe SM, Nehra K, Ghavri T, Jayan B. Impact of Maternal Education on the Duration of Breastfeeding and its Association with Various Oral Parameters. J Oral Health Comm Dent 2020; 14 (1):14-21.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10062-0062

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Published Online: 05-09-2020

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2020; The Author(s).


Abstract

Aim: Oral diseases have a multifactorial etiology of which environmental factors play a pragmatic role, thereby directly influencing the quality of life. The present study was conducted to find the association between the level of maternal education and the duration of breastfeeding with its effects on the orofacial development of a child. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional retrospective study conducted to find the association between the duration of breastfeeding and various developmental parameters. A total of 650 children were included in this retrospective study conducted at the Army Dental Centre (R&R). Questionnaires were distributed to the participants (mothers) who were accompanying their child for a routine dental examination. The parameters that were examined are the index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN), the oral hygiene status, the modified Mallampati index, and posterior crossbites. Results: Mean duration of breastfeeding in our sample size stood at 44%. The principle mode of oral health awareness is by interactions between family and friends, whereas dental camps at schools or societies influence only 16% of the respondents. In 41% of the subjects, there was no need of any treatment according to IOTN, and in 3.1% of subjects there was great need for treatment. Around 80% of the subjects maintained reasonably good oral hygiene and 60% of the subjects were categorized into Mallampati grade I scoring. The level of maternal education follows a reverse trend to the timing of child's first dental visit. About 55% of the postgraduate mothers got their child for a dental checkup before the age of 5. About 60% of the children who were breastfed more than 24 months were having an IOTN of 1 as compared to only 16% of children who were fed less than 6 months. Posterior crossbites were present in 37% of children who were fed more than 6 months. About 74% of the children who were breastfed more than 24 months had Mallampati scoring of 1, whereas only 19% of the children who were breastfed less than 6 months had the scoring of 1. Conclusion: A direct association between the level of maternal education and decreased duration of breastfeeding is present, thereby increasing the incidence of moderate-to-severe malocclusion. There is a need to reiterate oral health outreach programs at the community level for basic dental education and healthy practices. The oral hygiene status was directly associated with the higher education group. Formulating and practising a proper breastfeeding schedule can prevent development of various malocclusions especially in lower-income-group countries that still are devoid of specialized care.


HTML PDF Share
  1. Tatarunaite E, Playle R, Hood K, et al. Facial attractiveness: a longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005;127(6): 676–682. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.01.029.
  2. Marques LS, Ramos-Jorge ML, Paiva SM, et al. Malocclusion: esthetic impact and quality of life among Brazilian schoolchildren. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006;129(3):424–427. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.11.003.
  3. Agou S, Locker D, Streiner DL, et al. Impact of self-esteem on the oral-health-related quality of life of children with malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008;134(4):484–489. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.11.021.
  4. Pithon MM, Nascimento CC, Barbosa GCG, et al. Do dental esthetics have any influence on finding a job? Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2014;146(4):423–429. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2014.07.001.
  5. Jordão LM, Vasconcelos DN, Moreira Rda S, et al. Individual and contextual determinants of malocclusion in 12-year-old schoolchildren in a Brazilian city. Braz Oral Res 2015;29(1):3.
  6. Tumurkhuu T, Fujiwara T, Komazaki Y, et al. Association between maternal education and malocclusion in Mongolian adolescents: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2016;6(11):e012283. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012283.
  7. França ECL, Sousa CB, Aragão LC, et al. Electromyographic analysis of masseter muscle in newborns during suction in breast, bottle or cup feeding. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014;14(1):154. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-154.
  8. VonCramon-Taubadel N. Global human mandibular variation reflects differences in agricultural and hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011;108(49):19546–19551. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1113050108.
  9. Ovsenik M, Farcnik FM, Korpar M, et al. Follow-up study of functional and morphological malocclusion trait changes from 3 to 12 years of age. Eur J Orthod 2007;29(5):523–529. DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjm065.
  10. Proffit WR, Henry W, Fields J, et al. Contemporary orthodontics. 4th ed., Canada, Mosby: Elsevier; 2007. pp. 130–161.
  11. Ovsenik M. Incorrect orofacial functions until 5 years of age and their association with posterior crossbite. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009;136(3):375–381. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.03.018.
  12. ICOHIRP. Social inequalities in oral health: from evidence to action. Secondary social inequalities in oral health: from evidence to action. 2015. http://www.icohirp.com/monograph.html.
  13. Strand TA, Sharma PR, Gjessing HK, et al. Risk factors for extended duration of acute diarrhea in young children. PLoS ONE 2012;7(5):e36436. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036436.
  14. Bachrach VR, Schwarz E, Bachrach LR. Breastfeeding and the risk of hospitalization for respiratory disease in infancy: a meta-analysis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2003;157(3):237–243. DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.157.3.237.
  15. Bertini G, Perugi S, Dani C, et al. Maternal education and the incidence and duration of breast feeding: a prospective study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003;37(4):447–452. DOI: 10.1097/00005176-200310000-00009.
  16. Lydia M, Del Valle L, Singh GD, et al. Associations between a history of breast feeding, malocclusion and parafunctional habits in Puerto Rican children. PRHSJ 2006;1:31–34.
  17. Enlow DH, Harvold EP, Latham RA, et al. Research on control of craniofacial morphogenesis: an NIDR state-of-the-art workshop. Am J Orthod 1977;71(5):509–530. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9416(77)90002-1.
  18. Graber TM. Thumb and finger sucking. Am J Orthod 1959;45(4): 259–269. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9416(59)90084-3.
  19. Karjalainen S, Rönning O, Lapinleimu H, et al. Association between early weaning, non-nutritive sucking habits and occlusal anomalies in 3-YEAR-OLD FinnISH CHILDREN. Int J Ped Dent 1999;9(3):169–173. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-263x.1999.00133.x.
  20. Agarwal SS, Nehra K, Sharma M, et al. Association between breastfeeding duration, non-nutritive sucking habits and dental arch dimensions in deciduous dentition: a cross-sectional study. Prog Orthod 2014;15(1):59. DOI: 10.1186/s40510-014-0059-4.
  21. Malandris M, Mahoney EK. Aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of posterior cross-bites in the primary dentition. Int J Paediatr Dent 2004;14(3):155–166. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2004.00546.x.
  22. Larsson E. Sucking, chewing, and feeding habits and the development of crossbite: a longitudinal study of girls from birth to 3 years of age. Angle Orthod 2001;71(2):116–119. DOI: 10.1043/0003-3219(2001)0712.0.CO;2.
  23. Kobayashi HM, Scavone H, Jr, Ferreira RI, et al. Relationship between breastfeeding duration and prevalence of posterior crossbite in the deciduous dentition. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010;137(1): 54–58. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.12.033.
  24. Gdalevich M, Mimouni D, David M, et al. Breast-feeding and the onset of atopic dermatitis in childhood: a systemic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45(4):520–527. DOI: 10.1067/mjd.2001.114741.
  25. Gdalevich M, Mimouni D, Mimouni M. Breast-feeding and the risk of bronchial asthma in childhood: a systemic review with meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Pediatr 2001;139(2):261–266. DOI: 10.1067/mpd.2001.117006.
  26. Huang HT, Liang H, Hu JW, et al. Breastfeeding and associated factors in five areas of china. J Soochow Uni Med Sci Ed 2012;32(4):454–458. Chinese.
  27. Qiu LQ. Factors that influence breastfeeding initiation and duration in urban, suburban and rural areas of Zhejiang Province, Peoples Republic of China. Perth: Curtin University; 2008.
  28. Ye JL, Cui Y, Pan XP. Study of the breast feeding and the influence factors in Xinjiang rural areas. Mater Child Health Care China 2007;22(17):2420–2422.
  29. Zhao J, Zhao Y, Du M, et al. Maternal education and breastfeeding practices in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Midwifery 2017;50:62–71. DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2017.03.011.
  30. Heck KE, Braveman P, Cubbin C, et al. Socioeconomic status and breastfeeding initiation among California mothers. Public Health Rep 2006;121(1):51–59. DOI: 10.1177/003335490612100111.
  31. Hornell A, Aarts C, Kylberg E, et al. Breastfeeding patterns in exclusively breastfed infants: a longitudinal prospective study in Uppsala, Sweden. Acta Paediatr 1999;88(2):203–211. DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb01083.x.
  32. Bhardwaj SV, Bhardwaj A. Early childhood caries and its correlation with maternal education level and socio-economic status. J Orofac Sci 2014;6(1):53–57. DOI: 10.4103/0975-8844.132582.
  33. Ersin NK, Kocabas EH, Alpoz AR, et al. Transmission of Streptococcus mutans in a group of Turkish families. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2004;19:408–410.
  34. Qin M, Li J, Zhang S, et al. Risk factors for severe early childhood caries in children younger than 4 years old in Beijing, china. Pediatr Dent 2008;30(2):122–128.
  35. Sánchez-Molins M, GrauCarbó J, LischeidGaig C, et al. Comparative study of the craniofacial growth depending on the type of lactation received. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2010;11(2):87–92.
  36. Inoue N, Sakashita R, Kamegai T. Reduction of masseter muscle activity inbottle-fed babies. Early Hum Dev 1995;42(3):185–193. DOI: 10.1016/0378-3782(95)01649-n.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.